Semiconductors

Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like ceramics). Typically composed of silicon or germanium, semiconductors have the unique ability to control electrical current, which makes them essential in modern electronic devices. Their conductivity can be modified through the addition of impurities, a process known as doping, which allows for the creation of p-type and n-type materials. This property enables semiconductors to form electronic components such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits, which are foundational to computers, smartphones, and numerous other electronic applications. The characteristics of semiconductors allow them to switch and amplify electrical signals, thereby playing a crucial role in the functioning of modern technology.